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Some countries and lower jurisdictions have enacted laws or regulations which require cyclists to wear a helmet in certain circumstances, typically when riding on the road or a road-related area (such as a bicycle lane or path). In some places this requirement applies only to children under a certain age, while in others it applies to cyclists of all ages. ==Background== Modern varieties of bicycle helmet first became commercially successful from 1975. Industry helmet standards were developed from the 1970s〔(),"Bicycle Helmet Standards." Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute. February 26, 2009, accessed February 12, 2011.〕 and are still under development.〔"The standard, known as 2063:2008, is designed to force manufacturers to improve the safety of helmets in three ways. It requires them to use a softer polystyrene in the shell providing more cushioning for the brain, to use straps that will stretch sufficiently in an accident to allow the helmet to come off a rider's head, after absorbing the initial impact and to ensure sun visors do not twist a cyclist's head excessively when hitting the road." New bike helmet standards send retailers into a spin. Matthew Moore URBAN AFFAIRS EDITOR Sydney Morning Herald 19 November 2010 http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wellbeing/new-bike-helmet-standards-send-retailers-into-a-spin-20101118-17zeq.html Accessed 26 February 2011〕〔Mandatory standard—Bicycle helmets. Product Safety Australia. http://www.productsafety.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/974624 Accessed 26 February 2011〕 Even before then, there had been calls for riders to wear helmets, based on the assumptions of high risk to cyclists and effectiveness of helmets in preventing serious injury. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons campaigned actively to raise public awareness, acceptance and demand,〔 〕 and helmets first became compulsory across Australia from 1991 to 1992.〔Bicycle Helmet Research Foundation. ("Helmet Laws: What has been their effect. Australia." ) Retrieved 2011-01-31.〕〔Curnow, Bill. ("A Brief History of the Bicycle Helmets Law in Australia" ). Retrieved 2011-01-31.〕 In New Zealand, Rebecca Oaten was a prominent champion; after a disastrous head injury to her son in 1986 she traveled the country to push the importance of wearing helmets. For six years she visited an average of four schools a day.〔Mullins, Justin. ("Hard-Headed Choice" ), New Scientist, 22 July 2000. Retrieved 2010-08-29.〕 Bicycle helmets became compulsory in New Zealand in January 1994. A report from the Australian Department of Transport in 1987 cast doubt on the effectiveness of helmets in real accidents.〔 Department of Transport, Federal Office of Road Safety. Report No. CR 55 Date May, 1987 Pages 160 f xi ISBN 0-642-51043-1 ISSN CR = 0810-770 Title: Motorcycle and bicycle protective helments: Requirements resulting from a post crash study and experimental research. Authors: J.P. Corner, C.W. Whitney, N. O'Rourke, D.E. Morgan CR 55: Motorcycle and bicycle protective helmets requirements resulting from a post crash study and experimental research (1987) ()〕 In 2004 members of the UK Parliament questioned the claims made for helmets in an Early Day Motion.〔http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2003-04/764〕 By 1991, after widespread well-resourced campaigns,〔Bicycle Helmet Use by Children. Evaluation of a Community-wide Helmet Campaign. Carolyn G. DiGuiseppi, MD, MPH; Frederick P. Rivara, MD, MPH; Thomas D. Koepsell, MD, MPH; Lincoln Polissar, PhD. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989 vol. 262 pages 2256-2261 http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/262/16/2256.full.pdf "METHODS Bicycle Helmet Campaign The campaign's three goals, developed in response to a 1987 survey of schoolchildren and their parents, were to increase parental awareness of the need for helmets, to promote use by children, and to reduce financial barriers to their purchase. Activities were coordinated by a full-time health educator. Initial activities were begun during the summer of 1986, and increased progressively each year. The number of activities and materials provided, the amount of media exposure, and the intensity of the campaign were substantially greater in 1988 than in previous years. To increase parental awareness, professionally produced public service announcements were shown on television 50 times per quarter and during every third Seattle Mariners baseball game and aired regularly on local radio stations. Two press conferences, three local television programs, and 30 print articles featured the campaign. Bicycle shops in King County were given 8000 bicycle hang tags in 1987 through 1988, which reminded parents to purchase helmets. Some 50 000 informational pamphlets were provided to physicians and health departments in 1987 and 1988 for distribution to patients, and mailings were sent to all 6500 members of the Washington State Medical Association in 1988. During 1987 through 1988, the Coalition also participated in numerous community events and made presentations to Parent-Teacher Associations and youth group leaders. To promote helmet use, a bicycle safety program was implemented in Seattle public elementary schools in 1988. Posters featuring a group of freestyle cyclists popular with youngsters were distributed to all elementary schools. More than 50 000 stickers promoting helmets were distributed to schools and youth groups and at bicycling events. Incentives were provided to children who wore helmets at various bicycling events in 1988, which included 2000 free McDonald's french fry coupons and 564 free Seattle Mariners baseball tickets. Helmet cost was addressed by the distribution of more than 100 000 discount coupons (lowering the cost of helmets to about $25) through physicians' offices, schools, youth groups, and community events during 1988. Thirteen hundred helmets were sold at cost through the Parent-Teacher Associations in 1987 and 1988, and another 1300 were donated in 1988 to youth groups serving low-income children."〕〔Bicycle Helmet Campaign Guide. A guide to community bicycle helmet campaigns. Original author: John Williams Then of Bikecentennial/Adventure Cycling, now with Tracy-Williams Consulting Original publisher: North Carolina DOT Bicycle Program, 1991 Updated by: Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, 2002 (This copy current on August 27, 2006). http://bhsi.org/manual.htm accessed 28th Feb 2011〕 the use of helmets had attained near-universal support in the United States, becoming what the League of American Wheelmen characterized as a "Mom and apple pie" issue. Some official and professional bodies in the English-speaking world now support compulsory use of helmets.〔"The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration supports the enactment of bicycle helmet use laws. Bicycle helmets offer bicyclists the best protection from head injuries resulting from bicycle crashes, and bicycle helmet laws have proved effective in increasing bicycle helmet use."(【引用サイトリンク】title= Bicycle Helmet Use Laws )〕〔"Many riders and parents do not know that they need a helmet, and the laws educate as much as they force compliance. We also believe that most riders regard helmets as a fashion item rather than as a safety appliance, and like any other fashion this one may wane. Since bicycles on a public road are vehicles, we believe that the operator has the rights and obligations of vehicle users in our ever-more-populated and outrageously unsafe road environment, so requiring a bicycle helmet is as reasonable as requiring a helmet on a motorcycle rider or requiring seatbelt usage in cars." (), "Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders." Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute. January 5, 2011, accessed on February 20, 2011〕 A 2009 poll of U.S. adults found that 86% supported helmet laws for children.〔C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, the University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, and the University of Michigan Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit. (National Poll on Children’s Health. Bicycle helmet laws for kids effective but not yet the norm. ) Vol. 6 Issue 4 June 17, 2009〕 Support has spread elsewhere; Safe Kids Worldwide, which has received financial support from equipment suppliers including helmet manufacturer Bell Sports, was founded in 1987 and is currently active in a total of 17 countries.〔Mitch Stoller, President & CEO. Safe Kids Worldwide. Annual Report July 2007-June 2008. http://www.safekids.org/assets/docs/who-we-are/finance/skw-annual-report-2009.pdf〕 Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States have bicycle helmet laws, in at least one jurisdiction, for either minors only, or for all riders. Spain requires helmets to be worn while cycling along public roads outside population centers, except for riders with a medical exemption or during extremely hot days.〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕 Helmet laws are not universal in the United States; most U.S. states and municipalities have no laws or regulations regarding helmet use. In the U.S.A. 21 states and the District of Columbia have statewide mandatory helmet laws for children. 29 U.S. states have no statewide law, and 13 of these states have no such laws in any lower-level jurisdiction either.〔Helmet Laws for Bicycle Riders Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute 5 January 2011. http://www.bhsi.org/mandator.htm〕 The territory of Guam made helmets compulsory for all bicycle riders and passengers on 27 February 2012.〔Bicycle Safety Act of 2012. Office of the Governor of Guam 29 February 2012. http://202.128.4.46/Public_Laws_31st/P.L.%2031-189%20-%20Bill%20No.%20362-31%28LS%29.pdf accessed 3 March 2012〕 Israel's helmet law was never enforced or obeyed. A long and sophisticated volunteer campaign led to the revocation of the adult element, in order to allow bike-hiring schemes to work.〔How did we revise the compulsory helmet law in Israel? 31-Aug-2011 Eran Shchori, bike2work project manager and "public policy" team member, Israel Bicycle Association ('Israel Bishvil Ofanaim') http://www.sustainability.org.il/home/bike-news/How-did-we-revise-the-compulsory-helmet-law-in-Israel〕〔European Cyclist's Federation. Examples of successful campaigns. http://www.ecf.com/3677_1 downloaded 10 May 2010〕 An official predicted that this would have disastrous health consequences.〔"Health Ministry chief statistician Dr. Gary Ginsberg predicted that if the current law is changed, the impact on adult urban bicyclists would be disastrous. He told the Knesset Economics Committee recently that by 2014, there would be 18 more deaths, more than 2,000 more hospitalizations, 6,334 more emergency room visits, 19,383 more ambulatory visits to general practitioners, 297 additional rehabilitation efforts and 36 lifelong disabilities if the bill becomes law. The cost in medical expenses is estimated at NIS 210 million." Volunteer organization fights to save bicycle helmet law. By JUDY SIEGEL-ITZKOVICH. 03/03/2011 03:27 Jerusalem Post http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=210572〕 Mexico City has repealed its helmet law to allow a bike-sharing scheme to work.〔European Cyclist's Federation. Examples of successful campaigns. http://www.ecf.com/3677_1 downloaded 10 May 2010〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bicycle helmet laws」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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